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The Jedwabne pogrom () was an atrocity committed on July 10, 1941, during the German occupation of Poland in World War II.〔 Described as a massacre or a pogrom by postwar historians, it resulted in the death of at least 340 Polish Jews of all ages,〔P.A.I.C., ( The Jedwabne Tragedy. ) Polish Academic Information Center, University of Buffalo, 2000.〕 locked in a barn later set on fire. A group of 23 Polish males was involved, after being summoned in Jedwabne by the German gendarmerie.〔 These are the official findings of the Institute of National Remembrance, "confirmed by the number of victims in the two graves, according to the estimate of the archeological and anthropological team participating in the exhumation,"〔Public Prosecutor Radosław J. Ignatiew (July 9th , 2002), ( Jedwabne: Final Findings of Poland's Institute of National Memory. ) Communiqué. Polish Academic Information Center, University of Buffalo. 〕 wrote prosecutor Radosław J. Ignatiew, who headed an investigation in 2000–2003 ordered by the Polish government.〔 In 1949 the Communist People's Republic of Poland launched a treason and murder trial which was later condemned as a miscarriage of justice because suspects had been tortured during interrogation.〔 After a fresh investigation, concluded in 2003, the Polish Institute of National Remembrance stated that the pogrom was committed by Polish inhabitants of the town,〔 with the complicity of the German ''Ordnungspolizei''. The involvement of German paramilitary forces of the SS and Gestapo remains the subject of debate, especially the role of the ''Einsatzgruppe Zichenau-Schroettersburg''.〔〔〔〔 According to some later commentators, many people were shocked by the findings, which contrast with the rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust.〔〔〔 ==Background== The Jewish community in Jedwabne was established in the 18th century.〔 According to the Polish census of 1921, the town had a Jewish community consisting of 757 people, or 61.9 percent of its total population, following Poland's return to independence.〔 It was a typical shtetl, a small town with a very significant Jewish community, one of many such towns in prewar Poland. The start of World War II in Europe began with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany. Likewise, on September 17, 1939, the Soviet Red Army invaded the eastern regions of Poland under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.〔〔 The area of Jedwabne was originally occupied by the Germans, who crushed the resistance offered by local Polish cadets. Jedwabne was then transferred to the Soviets in accordance with the German–Soviet Boundary Treaty of September 28, 1939. As soon as the Soviets entered Jedwabne, the local Polish government was dismantled. At first, many Polish Jews were relieved to learn that the Soviets, rather than the Nazis, were to occupy their town, and unlike gentile Poles, publicly welcomed the Red Army as their protectors.〔〔 Some people from other ethnic groups in Kresy, particularly Belarusians, also openly welcomed the Soviets.〔 Administrative jobs were offered to Jews who declared Soviet allegiance. Some Jews joined a Soviet militia overseeing deportations of ethnic Poles organized by the NKVD. At least one witness testimony says that during round-ups, armed Jewish militiamen were seen to be guarding those being prepared for deportation to Siberia. A total of 22,353 Poles (entire families) were deported from the vicinity.〔〔 Red Army troops requisitioned food and other goods, undercutting nearly everyone's material needs.〔 The Soviet secret police accompanying the Red Army routinely arrested and deported Polish citizens, both gentile and Jewish, and spread terror throughout the region.〔〔 Waves of arrests, expulsions and prison executions continued until June 20–21, 1941.〔 Following Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, German forces quickly overran the parts of Poland that had been occupied by the Soviets since 1939. The small town of Wizna near Jedwabne saw several dozen Jewish men shot by the invading Germans under Hauptsturmführer Hermann Schaper, as did other neighboring towns.〔 The Nazis distributed propaganda in the area,〔 revealing crimes committed by the Soviets in Eastern Poland and saying that Jews might have supported them. In parallel, the SS organized special Einsatzgruppen ("task forces") to murder Jews in these areas, and a few massacres were carried out. The guidelines for such massacres were formulated by Reinhard Heydrich,〔 who ordered his officers to induce anti-Jewish incidents in the territories newly occupied by the German forces.〔June 29, 1941, Warsaw - Order No.1 of Reinhard Heydrich to the Einsatzgruppen Commanders on "Self-Cleansing" Operations and the Role to be Played in the Same by German Military and Police Forces (excerpts), "Inferno of Choices," p. 21 ( PDF file, direct download. )〕 Local communities were encouraged to commit anti-Jewish pogroms and robberies with total impunity.〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jedwabne pogrom」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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